Comments on: Attacking the Myth of the Model Minority Myth http://sepiamutiny.com/blog/2005/12/09/attacking_the_m/ All that flavorful brownness in one savory packet Sat, 30 Nov 2013 11:11:28 +0000 hourly 1 http://wordpress.org/?v=3.2.1 By: Danny http://sepiamutiny.com/blog/2005/12/09/attacking_the_m/comment-page-1/#comment-47756 Danny Thu, 23 Feb 2006 05:02:55 +0000 http://sepiamutiny.com?p=2656#comment-47756 <p>I wish you guys knew what african americans are. africam american = 1 african + white , one of or an amalgamation of european races and most likly native american.there are only 38 million of us ,and we are unique.Regular well ajusted "white" people don't feel about us the way that some Desi do .one tenth of one percent of the sub continent are here in the U.S. , they are the best of a billion people. 30 thousand is about the equivalent.Do you not think there are 30 thousand of us worth a salt. It's just so sad you think so little of us in some cases . what's stranger yet is I'm some part welsh and native american. My grand father had blue eyes and red hair, so says my mother,who's hair was completely white when she was a child and was never ashamed to be called black.whithin the U.S. racial construct there are black's with blond hair and blue eyes .We say black to defy convention . Why hide it ,I'm also not going to hide the fact that many european men fathered children by black women and all the while preaching separation for the sake of money power and privilege. Think of the late senator thermond.They did these things to garner power , telling powereless people that atleast they were better than the lowly servants. Befor we were negros we were anglo/africans.One of the first black owned news papers in the U.S. was something like the anglo african gazette.1/3 of U.S. people who self identify as white have traces ,negligible traces of african ancestry,so watch out Desi it still might just get you.In the past people who could pass for white sometimes did,the rules of hypo decent are always in play yes,but you must self identify. But passing was a gutless cowards way out to economic freedom.That ment you would turn your back on your entire family, and not very christian at all.Being some what or all african is not the worst thing that one can be,a coward who ostracizes others for cheeply gained advantage beacause of peer pressure,who say's someone is terrible looking when they know they are not,that dates a white woman simply because she is white and blond,rather than because she is a nice girl who likes you not for your money but because of who you are inside.And people are attractive because because they are attractive,not because they are white or this or that, or because they are not dark.Looking good is a matter of mathematical ratios,rather than this pointed feature or this flat feature.The whole world has been cultured to want to be the people in the american movies.I like white people but I don't worship them .obviously some of my family are are white.And I fell sorry for the poor white women. If you are arouond someone and they are nice and an attraction sparks o.k but to target someone you dont know just because they are white .White people are my compatriots for 300 years on this contenet.You seem to know only the bad side of our relationship .A husban may speak harshly of a wife,yet he sleeps with her at night and dose not leav her; he may be angry then make up,we are the same.It's natural for us to talk to them ,we may be related and honest people always admit that. It's like the treatment you give your black cousin in INDIA just because you are lighter.But when people do that in america in every since of the true american ethos they know you are dead wrong be they black or white there is no escaping conscience or GOD.It's just like a man with an illegitimate son ,or if you will son of a second wife,who if he were rightous would say to him self this is my son also,I will treat him the sam as my other and give him a portion of the inheritance.Why don't you know who we are. I wish love you also desi</p> I wish you guys knew what african americans are. africam american = 1 african + white , one of or an amalgamation of european races and most likly native american.there are only 38 million of us ,and we are unique.Regular well ajusted “white” people don’t feel about us the way that some Desi do .one tenth of one percent of the sub continent are here in the U.S. , they are the best of a billion people. 30 thousand is about the equivalent.Do you not think there are 30 thousand of us worth a salt. It’s just so sad you think so little of us in some cases . what’s stranger yet is I’m some part welsh and native american. My grand father had blue eyes and red hair, so says my mother,who’s hair was completely white when she was a child and was never ashamed to be called black.whithin the U.S. racial construct there are black’s with blond hair and blue eyes .We say black to defy convention . Why hide it ,I’m also not going to hide the fact that many european men fathered children by black women and all the while preaching separation for the sake of money power and privilege. Think of the late senator thermond.They did these things to garner power , telling powereless people that atleast they were better than the lowly servants. Befor we were negros we were anglo/africans.One of the first black owned news papers in the U.S. was something like the anglo african gazette.1/3 of U.S. people who self identify as white have traces ,negligible traces of african ancestry,so watch out Desi it still might just get you.In the past people who could pass for white sometimes did,the rules of hypo decent are always in play yes,but you must self identify. But passing was a gutless cowards way out to economic freedom.That ment you would turn your back on your entire family, and not very christian at all.Being some what or all african is not the worst thing that one can be,a coward who ostracizes others for cheeply gained advantage beacause of peer pressure,who say’s someone is terrible looking when they know they are not,that dates a white woman simply because she is white and blond,rather than because she is a nice girl who likes you not for your money but because of who you are inside.And people are attractive because because they are attractive,not because they are white or this or that, or because they are not dark.Looking good is a matter of mathematical ratios,rather than this pointed feature or this flat feature.The whole world has been cultured to want to be the people in the american movies.I like white people but I don’t worship them .obviously some of my family are are white.And I fell sorry for the poor white women. If you are arouond someone and they are nice and an attraction sparks o.k but to target someone you dont know just because they are white .White people are my compatriots for 300 years on this contenet.You seem to know only the bad side of our relationship .A husban may speak harshly of a wife,yet he sleeps with her at night and dose not leav her; he may be angry then make up,we are the same.It’s natural for us to talk to them ,we may be related and honest people always admit that. It’s like the treatment you give your black cousin in INDIA just because you are lighter.But when people do that in america in every since of the true american ethos they know you are dead wrong be they black or white there is no escaping conscience or GOD.It’s just like a man with an illegitimate son ,or if you will son of a second wife,who if he were rightous would say to him self this is my son also,I will treat him the sam as my other and give him a portion of the inheritance.Why don’t you know who we are. I wish love you also desi

]]> By: Hasan http://sepiamutiny.com/blog/2005/12/09/attacking_the_m/comment-page-1/#comment-40764 Hasan Fri, 06 Jan 2006 17:19:47 +0000 http://sepiamutiny.com?p=2656#comment-40764 <p>So many people who subscribe to the model-minority myth (including Asians) fail to recognize that a disproportionate number of Asians come/came to America as college students and professionals. Just look at how many of our parents are doctors and engineers. Most of them come from upper class/caste families, so it's not like they were underprivileged to begin with. And if our parents aren't professionals or highly educated, we are greatly influenced by other members of our ethnic community or family who are. Many African Americans and Latinos don't have these role models.</p> So many people who subscribe to the model-minority myth (including Asians) fail to recognize that a disproportionate number of Asians come/came to America as college students and professionals. Just look at how many of our parents are doctors and engineers. Most of them come from upper class/caste families, so it’s not like they were underprivileged to begin with. And if our parents aren’t professionals or highly educated, we are greatly influenced by other members of our ethnic community or family who are. Many African Americans and Latinos don’t have these role models.

]]> By: Salil http://sepiamutiny.com/blog/2005/12/09/attacking_the_m/comment-page-1/#comment-39887 Salil Thu, 29 Dec 2005 08:40:03 +0000 http://sepiamutiny.com?p=2656#comment-39887 <p>JM: an interesting point from earlier. Many eons ago when I was applying to colleges, I was semi-coerced into applying at Yale. I went to the initial interview at a local alum's house, and he asked me very candidly from the seat of his exercycle whether I was planning to apply as a minority? Because my 1320 on my SAT didn't really qualify me. But as a "minority" I could apply with an 1100. He used "minority" the way his father probably said, "colored," or grandfather said, "negrah."</p> <p>I didn't pursue Yale any further (and no offense to anyone else who did...this is just anecdotal). I went to another school entirely, and enjoyed myself immensely while learning a huge freakin' trunkload of random information, and making some of the lowest passing grades of anyone I know.</p> <p>I suppose my point is, race in America is a hopelessly muddled and occasionally irretrievably damaged concept. As JM pointed out, it doesn't make any real biological sense, either. And as the species gets wiser, our assumptions and prejudices become terribly muddled*. Busing, separate-but-equal, ghettos, the politics of English vs. Spanish, drive-bys, Russians who watch Bollywood, Latinos in New England, and a million other weird cultural amalgamations (like desis who act ghetto, or Sasha Cohen)...it's all too much. Give up! Enjoy it all for the spectacle. It's like gladiator fights at the Colosseum, only with no guards, lions, or rules, and the whole crowd gets vote collectively with their thumbs. It's great!</p> <p>Wolf-nipple chips! Ram's bladder cup! Getcher wolf nipple chips!</p> <p>*Except that Asian women make horrible drivers. THAT one holds up under all kinds of scrutiny.</p> JM: an interesting point from earlier. Many eons ago when I was applying to colleges, I was semi-coerced into applying at Yale. I went to the initial interview at a local alum’s house, and he asked me very candidly from the seat of his exercycle whether I was planning to apply as a minority? Because my 1320 on my SAT didn’t really qualify me. But as a “minority” I could apply with an 1100. He used “minority” the way his father probably said, “colored,” or grandfather said, “negrah.”

I didn’t pursue Yale any further (and no offense to anyone else who did…this is just anecdotal). I went to another school entirely, and enjoyed myself immensely while learning a huge freakin’ trunkload of random information, and making some of the lowest passing grades of anyone I know.

I suppose my point is, race in America is a hopelessly muddled and occasionally irretrievably damaged concept. As JM pointed out, it doesn’t make any real biological sense, either. And as the species gets wiser, our assumptions and prejudices become terribly muddled*. Busing, separate-but-equal, ghettos, the politics of English vs. Spanish, drive-bys, Russians who watch Bollywood, Latinos in New England, and a million other weird cultural amalgamations (like desis who act ghetto, or Sasha Cohen)…it’s all too much. Give up! Enjoy it all for the spectacle. It’s like gladiator fights at the Colosseum, only with no guards, lions, or rules, and the whole crowd gets vote collectively with their thumbs. It’s great!

Wolf-nipple chips! Ram’s bladder cup! Getcher wolf nipple chips!

*Except that Asian women make horrible drivers. THAT one holds up under all kinds of scrutiny.

]]> By: Raju http://sepiamutiny.com/blog/2005/12/09/attacking_the_m/comment-page-1/#comment-37960 Raju Sun, 11 Dec 2005 05:41:12 +0000 http://sepiamutiny.com?p=2656#comment-37960 <p>md and razib, you're like in a totally different world from me to hear people admit to what both of you admitted to. i mean that without any kind of ill, but just as an observation...</p> <p>about asians and asian americans...i kind of see south asian and east asians as sharing a common experience, but different as well. as a second gen immigrant's kid, we can bond with a czech second gen immigrant kid b/c we share some pretty awesome similiar life experiences. we can share a bond with latino second gen/third gen/first gen peeps bc we share some pretty awesome life experiences. same with asian americans, and african americans. and wasp americans. (we both shop at A&F...kidding!)</p> <p>so thats how i see it, we're different but share awesome life experiences (and some not awesome). i agree with the observation about cultivating a hard knock life past some of us never had. its just easier for us to allude to some color-based oppression. sometimes our own life experience just offered either more mundane but still valid obstacles to overcome, or, we weren't really adept at seeing our situations as desis.</p> <p>i knoew this filipino kid who started to cry one day bc he realized that in the midst of opposing the discrimination of other groups, he had not really understood his own legacy. and that hurt. i think it continues to be something we as desis have to do ourselves, bc no one else is really doing it. that being said, there's plenty of allies in that cause. and then, we do have to allow the debt that many of us have toward african americans. without the civil rights struggle, and the language of freedom struggle given to us often by african americans, we as desis would be poorer for it; legally, culturally, socially</p> <p>peace out yo</p> md and razib, you’re like in a totally different world from me to hear people admit to what both of you admitted to. i mean that without any kind of ill, but just as an observation…

about asians and asian americans…i kind of see south asian and east asians as sharing a common experience, but different as well. as a second gen immigrant’s kid, we can bond with a czech second gen immigrant kid b/c we share some pretty awesome similiar life experiences. we can share a bond with latino second gen/third gen/first gen peeps bc we share some pretty awesome life experiences. same with asian americans, and african americans. and wasp americans. (we both shop at A&F…kidding!)

so thats how i see it, we’re different but share awesome life experiences (and some not awesome). i agree with the observation about cultivating a hard knock life past some of us never had. its just easier for us to allude to some color-based oppression. sometimes our own life experience just offered either more mundane but still valid obstacles to overcome, or, we weren’t really adept at seeing our situations as desis.

i knoew this filipino kid who started to cry one day bc he realized that in the midst of opposing the discrimination of other groups, he had not really understood his own legacy. and that hurt. i think it continues to be something we as desis have to do ourselves, bc no one else is really doing it. that being said, there’s plenty of allies in that cause. and then, we do have to allow the debt that many of us have toward african americans. without the civil rights struggle, and the language of freedom struggle given to us often by african americans, we as desis would be poorer for it; legally, culturally, socially

peace out yo

]]> By: razib_the_atheist http://sepiamutiny.com/blog/2005/12/09/attacking_the_m/comment-page-1/#comment-37951 razib_the_atheist Sun, 11 Dec 2005 02:05:41 +0000 http://sepiamutiny.com?p=2656#comment-37951 <p>oh, and i brought up renormalization because when i was in HS a friend who took some standardized test we all had to take was joking to me about how he thought it was funny how ppl fucked with it by saying that their parents had graduate degrees, and asked if i'd done it too. of course, well, my father does have a graduate degree, and i hadn't thought to reflect that this might be <b>weird</b>. i don't think i'm the only brown american who has had this type of experience, and i think it speaks to the fact that mapping over paradigms that are prefab and apply to blacks in their relationship to white americans are not particularly congruent with the reality of america today. the reality is that blacks were brought as slaves and treated like chattel and lived through an america where they were assumed to be beasts and treated like such. we browns arrived with many of our parents having the self-confidence of having been 'winners' in the educational and occupational rat race, arriving with the experience of having grown up at the pinnacle of the privilege pyramid in their nations of origin, and experiencing an america where anti-racism is normative (even if anti-ignorance was not). i am personally someone who likes to systemetize and generalize broad trends and phenomena, and am one who is averse to the tendency to characterize all aspects of cultural and social life as <i>sui generis</i>. but, i feel that too many whites and non-whites in america are stuck on a bipolar racial model appropriate to 1950, when a large number of americans in many parts of the country simply do not have experiences which that model is predicated upon. the social prescriptions promoted by many on the left half of the political spectrum are predicated on this model, so i have seen a tendency for many folks of liberal inclination to engage in hypodescent thinking (i.e., one drop of non-whiteness = non-white), and attempting to retrofit the history of all non-whites to fit the black experience of extreme deprivation and denigration, or recast all non-whites as victims (i.e., i have seen many asian american activists proudly hold aloft the difficulties of the hmong refugees as <b>exemplars</b> typical of asian american experience because their lives are characterized by relative powerlessness. similarly, i have seen brown people who seem to want to portray the overworked taxi cab driver as the typical brown american). this is not to deny the reality of racism, but when we tote up debits and credits of the society to us, i don't think that it is useful anymore to simply say 'white' vs. 'non-white.' economically oriented thinkers have always asserted that this ignores substructure within the white population (poor white vs. middle and upper class), but i think students of demography and social clustering have to admit that non-whites simply do not fit into one box in terms of how they relate to whites and each other, especially in light of the fact that simple deterministic heuristics implied by gov. legal sanctions do not really apply any longer, at least in the <b>negative</b> form (affirmative action and positive discrimation does sometimes lump and clumb in ways that cause problems, i.e., the southeast asians in california have complained that it is not appropriate to cluster them with other asian americans in university admissions where there is strong suspicion of positive discrimination against asians because they are not a privileged group and so are suffering because of their assocations).</p> oh, and i brought up renormalization because when i was in HS a friend who took some standardized test we all had to take was joking to me about how he thought it was funny how ppl fucked with it by saying that their parents had graduate degrees, and asked if i’d done it too. of course, well, my father does have a graduate degree, and i hadn’t thought to reflect that this might be weird. i don’t think i’m the only brown american who has had this type of experience, and i think it speaks to the fact that mapping over paradigms that are prefab and apply to blacks in their relationship to white americans are not particularly congruent with the reality of america today. the reality is that blacks were brought as slaves and treated like chattel and lived through an america where they were assumed to be beasts and treated like such. we browns arrived with many of our parents having the self-confidence of having been ‘winners’ in the educational and occupational rat race, arriving with the experience of having grown up at the pinnacle of the privilege pyramid in their nations of origin, and experiencing an america where anti-racism is normative (even if anti-ignorance was not). i am personally someone who likes to systemetize and generalize broad trends and phenomena, and am one who is averse to the tendency to characterize all aspects of cultural and social life as sui generis. but, i feel that too many whites and non-whites in america are stuck on a bipolar racial model appropriate to 1950, when a large number of americans in many parts of the country simply do not have experiences which that model is predicated upon. the social prescriptions promoted by many on the left half of the political spectrum are predicated on this model, so i have seen a tendency for many folks of liberal inclination to engage in hypodescent thinking (i.e., one drop of non-whiteness = non-white), and attempting to retrofit the history of all non-whites to fit the black experience of extreme deprivation and denigration, or recast all non-whites as victims (i.e., i have seen many asian american activists proudly hold aloft the difficulties of the hmong refugees as exemplars typical of asian american experience because their lives are characterized by relative powerlessness. similarly, i have seen brown people who seem to want to portray the overworked taxi cab driver as the typical brown american). this is not to deny the reality of racism, but when we tote up debits and credits of the society to us, i don’t think that it is useful anymore to simply say ‘white’ vs. ‘non-white.’ economically oriented thinkers have always asserted that this ignores substructure within the white population (poor white vs. middle and upper class), but i think students of demography and social clustering have to admit that non-whites simply do not fit into one box in terms of how they relate to whites and each other, especially in light of the fact that simple deterministic heuristics implied by gov. legal sanctions do not really apply any longer, at least in the negative form (affirmative action and positive discrimation does sometimes lump and clumb in ways that cause problems, i.e., the southeast asians in california have complained that it is not appropriate to cluster them with other asian americans in university admissions where there is strong suspicion of positive discrimination against asians because they are not a privileged group and so are suffering because of their assocations).

]]> By: razib_the_atheist http://sepiamutiny.com/blog/2005/12/09/attacking_the_m/comment-page-1/#comment-37950 razib_the_atheist Sun, 11 Dec 2005 01:51:09 +0000 http://sepiamutiny.com?p=2656#comment-37950 <p>i'm registered republican too MD. though i voted for kerry last time around. so i'm with you. i find politics a bore now....</p> i’m registered republican too MD. though i voted for kerry last time around. so i’m with you. i find politics a bore now….

]]> By: MD http://sepiamutiny.com/blog/2005/12/09/attacking_the_m/comment-page-1/#comment-37944 MD Sun, 11 Dec 2005 01:23:14 +0000 http://sepiamutiny.com?p=2656#comment-37944 <p>point well taken, razib, although when it comes to the income thing, remember, I'm an <i>academic </i>pathologist. The academic payscale is quite something else....</p> <p>ok, kidding. Yes, clearly that should read upper middle class. Even better to prove my bona fides as a card-carrying member of the republican party.</p> <p>*I prefer to register with one party, and vote out of it if I don't like the candidates than to be an independent. So wishy-washy. So, ugh, m-o-d-e-r-a-t-e. I said I was irritating, right? Don't be afraid to pick a side! Have some courage, I say.....</p> point well taken, razib, although when it comes to the income thing, remember, I’m an academic pathologist. The academic payscale is quite something else….

ok, kidding. Yes, clearly that should read upper middle class. Even better to prove my bona fides as a card-carrying member of the republican party.

*I prefer to register with one party, and vote out of it if I don’t like the candidates than to be an independent. So wishy-washy. So, ugh, m-o-d-e-r-a-t-e. I said I was irritating, right? Don’t be afraid to pick a side! Have some courage, I say…..

]]> By: razib_the_atheist http://sepiamutiny.com/blog/2005/12/09/attacking_the_m/comment-page-1/#comment-37937 razib_the_atheist Sun, 11 Dec 2005 00:54:21 +0000 http://sepiamutiny.com?p=2656#comment-37937 <p><i>Yes. It so hard being brown-<b>middle-class-educated</b>-female-and-irritating. Yes. So very, very hard. Oh wait! That's it. That's my perfect intro to the biodata line.....</i></p> <p>MD, you are a pathologist right? someone with a medical postgraduate degree, and, i suspect a more than middle class income :) you are exhibiting your class privilege right there, renorming what 'middle class' is! remember, the average middle class american has a few years of college and is the manager in a dept. of walmart or sells insurance.</p> Yes. It so hard being brown-middle-class-educated-female-and-irritating. Yes. So very, very hard. Oh wait! That’s it. That’s my perfect intro to the biodata line…..

MD, you are a pathologist right? someone with a medical postgraduate degree, and, i suspect a more than middle class income :) you are exhibiting your class privilege right there, renorming what ‘middle class’ is! remember, the average middle class american has a few years of college and is the manager in a dept. of walmart or sells insurance.

]]> By: MD http://sepiamutiny.com/blog/2005/12/09/attacking_the_m/comment-page-1/#comment-37924 MD Sat, 10 Dec 2005 23:12:43 +0000 http://sepiamutiny.com?p=2656#comment-37924 <p>yourbloodyvalentine - that's hilarious! And, sadly, often true.</p> <p>razib - as usual you make the most salient point. Perhaps we need a checklist of opression, per se. You get a certain number of negative points for brown skin color, a certain number of positive points for education and socioeconomic class, a certain number of positive or negative points depending on what region of the country you come from, etc, etc. Oh, wait. Universities already do this and this is what Vinod is talking about, right?</p> <p>Here's how I rate:</p> <p>Brown - apparently a negative.</p> <p>Parents math and science types - apparently a positive.</p> <p>Education - sciences (apparently a positive, but ah, in Iowa? Is that a plus or a minus? I'll tell you after I get promoted, if I get promoted.....)</p> <p>Female - apparently a negative</p> <p>Personality - been told that's a negative, but I strongly disagree....</p> <p>Yes. It so hard being brown-middle-class-educated-female-and-irritating. Yes. So very, very hard. Oh wait! That's it. That's my perfect intro to the biodata line.....</p> yourbloodyvalentine – that’s hilarious! And, sadly, often true.

razib – as usual you make the most salient point. Perhaps we need a checklist of opression, per se. You get a certain number of negative points for brown skin color, a certain number of positive points for education and socioeconomic class, a certain number of positive or negative points depending on what region of the country you come from, etc, etc. Oh, wait. Universities already do this and this is what Vinod is talking about, right?

Here’s how I rate:

Brown – apparently a negative.

Parents math and science types – apparently a positive.

Education – sciences (apparently a positive, but ah, in Iowa? Is that a plus or a minus? I’ll tell you after I get promoted, if I get promoted…..)

Female – apparently a negative

Personality – been told that’s a negative, but I strongly disagree….

Yes. It so hard being brown-middle-class-educated-female-and-irritating. Yes. So very, very hard. Oh wait! That’s it. That’s my perfect intro to the biodata line…..

]]> By: Camille http://sepiamutiny.com/blog/2005/12/09/attacking_the_m/comment-page-1/#comment-37923 Camille Sat, 10 Dec 2005 23:08:59 +0000 http://sepiamutiny.com?p=2656#comment-37923 <blockquote>but many groups were discriminated against within whites. that is a common thesis, that white ethnics only became white recently. if you are going to appeal to history, then you need to correct for that reality. whatever the present is today, there was a day when the jew was a kike and the irish was a mickey.</blockquote> <p>I'm not saying that "ethnic whites" didn't face discrimination or oppression through a variety of societal and legal barriers, I was taking issue with the idea that people of color in the US have not faced any historic oppression. Depending on your regionality within the US, Jews are still kikes and the Irish are still mickeys.</p> <p>Props on the SES analysis re: poor whites, though. It was really right on, and it's true that poor whites get the shaft/blame for policies that they have little to no agency in creating. What's been interesting is the homogenization of all these white subgroups (kind of like a huge "whiting out" of their histories and experiences), and how that's impacted political action.</p> but many groups were discriminated against within whites. that is a common thesis, that white ethnics only became white recently. if you are going to appeal to history, then you need to correct for that reality. whatever the present is today, there was a day when the jew was a kike and the irish was a mickey.

I’m not saying that “ethnic whites” didn’t face discrimination or oppression through a variety of societal and legal barriers, I was taking issue with the idea that people of color in the US have not faced any historic oppression. Depending on your regionality within the US, Jews are still kikes and the Irish are still mickeys.

Props on the SES analysis re: poor whites, though. It was really right on, and it’s true that poor whites get the shaft/blame for policies that they have little to no agency in creating. What’s been interesting is the homogenization of all these white subgroups (kind of like a huge “whiting out” of their histories and experiences), and how that’s impacted political action.

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